Standard exact clause detection

ABSTRACT

Embodiments relate to a system and a method for identifying, from contractual documents, (i) standard exact clauses matching clause examples and (ii) non-standard clauses semantically related to but not matching the clause examples. A standard feature data set comprising standard exact clauses matching clause examples is obtained. In addition, a mirror feature data set comprising semantically related clauses of the clause examples is obtained using semantic language analysis, where the mirror feature data set encompasses the standard feature data set. Non-standard clauses are obtained by extracting a difference between the mirror feature data set and the standard exact feature data set.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of Art

The disclosure generally relates to the field of natural language processing, and in particular, to identifying and extracting information from documents.

2. Description of the Related Art

A contract is a document that defines legally enforceable agreements between two or more parties. During the negotiation process, parties to the contract often agree to make multiple amendments or addendums, and these amendments or addendums can be stored in random formats in different locations.

Frequent changes in contracts often present challenges to conventional approaches for finding contracts and amendments, as conventional approaches typically focus on the unstructured text only and are not able to extract relevant and important information correctly. For example, a contract and amendments may include the clauses that contain wording such as “net 30 days,” “within 30 days,” “30 day's notice,” and “2% penalty.” On the other hand, one of the amendments may include the non-standard clauses such as “5 working days” with “60% penalty.” Without the ability to discover the clauses and types of the clauses accounting for their semantic variations, any party not keeping track of the amendments or the addendums is vulnerable to a significant amount of risk of overlooking unusual contractual terminologies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The disclosed embodiments have advantages and features which will be more readily apparent from the detailed description, the appended claims, and the accompanying figures (or drawings). A brief introduction of the figures is below.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a standard exact clause detection system for a contractual document.

FIG. 2 illustrates an input processor of the standard exact clause detection system configured to process input data.

FIG. 3 illustrates a discovery engine of the standard exact clause detection system to properly structure and to normalize the input data.

FIG. 4 illustrates a representation of data stored as discreet database documents with different indexes.

FIG. 5 illustrates an analysis engine of the standard exact clause detection system to define standard exact clauses in contractual documents.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of a method of obtaining standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses.

FIG. 7 illustrates a process for determining a policy to specify clauses for extraction.

FIG. 8 illustrates components of an example machine able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium and execute them in a processor (or controller).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The Figures (FIGS.) and the following description relate to preferred embodiments by way of illustration only. It should be noted that from the following discussion, alternative embodiments of the structures and methods disclosed herein will be readily recognized as viable alternatives that may be employed without departing from the principles of what is claimed.

Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying figures. It is noted that wherever practicable similar or like reference numbers may be used in the figures and may indicate similar or like functionality. The figures depict embodiments of the disclosed system (or method) for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles described herein.

Configuration Overview

One embodiment of a disclosed configuration is a system (or a method or a non-transitory computer readable medium) for identifying standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses used in contractual documents. A standard exact clause herein refers to a clause including words and an order of words matching those of a predefined clause example. A non-standard clause herein refers to a clause semantically related to a predefined clause example, but including words or an order of words different from those of the predefined clause example. By identifying standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses from a corpus amount of contractual documents, exact clauses and semantically related clauses can be identified promptly to improve contract review process. It is noted that although described in a context of contracts, the principles described herein can apply to other structured documents.

In one embodiment, the system includes an input processor to configure raw input data into a format that can be structurally analyzed by a discovery engine. The discovery engine generates a predefined policy to be applied in a search engine. With the predefined policy, the discovery engine prepares initial search results to allow an administrator to select items to build and test a new custom policy along with all the predefined polices in a format that can be viewed by an end user. In the analysis engine, the end user can view the initial search results, and also customize the predefined policy to define a primary policy. With the primary policy, the analysis engine and the semantic language evaluator perform semantic language analysis, and first determine the standard clauses. Among the standard clauses, standard exact clauses with words and an order of the words exactly matching clause examples are identified. Furthermore, the analysis engine and the semantic language evaluator perform another semantic language analysis with a less restrictive secondary policy to extract the non-standard clauses.

Non-Standard and Standard Clause Detection System

FIG. 1 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a standard exact clause detection system 10 including one or more input processors (generally an input processor 110), a discovery engine 120, an analysis engine 130, a semantic language evaluator 140, and an analysis database 150. Each of these components may be embodied as hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. In various embodiments, engines or modules include software (or firmware) structured to operate with processing components of a computing system to form a machine that operates as described herein for the corresponding engines or modules. Further, two or more engines may interoperate to form a machine that operates as described herein. Examples of the processing components of the computing system are described with respect to FIG. 8. The system 10 also comprises a discovery database 160 to store data for identifying standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the input processor 110 aggregates one or more raw data 100(0), 100(1) . . . 100(N) (generally 100) and processes them in an appropriate format. Also, the discovery engine 120 is communicatively coupled to the input processor 110. In addition, the analysis engine 130 is coupled to the discovery engine 120. The discovery engine 120 develops a predefined policy and initial search results. Additionally, the analysis engine 130 performs a semantic language analysis by applying policies to the semantic language evaluator 140, and determines the non-standard clauses, standard clauses, and standard exact clauses used in the raw data 100. Throughout the process the discovery database 160 stores the initial search results, metadata, and the predefined policy. In addition, the discovery database 160 is communicatively coupled to the input processor 110, the discovery engine 120, and the analysis engine 130. Additionally, the analysis engine 130 is coupled to the analysis database 150 and stores information for performing semantic language evaluation. In one embodiment, the discovery database 160 and the analysis database 150 can be combined into one database.

Turning to FIG. 2, it illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an input processor 110 that may aggregate the raw data 100, and refine them into acceptable formats in the following stages. As shown in FIG. 2, the input processor 110 includes a file import system module 212, a correction module 213, and a format standardization module 214.

The file import system module 212 receives the raw data 100 from any one of file systems, emails, Content Management Systems and physical document scanning devices. The file import system module 212 also detects potential contracts and checks if any duplicates of documents exist in the discovery database 160 already. In addition, the file import system module 212 can convert a physical document into another electronic format, for example Portable Document Format (PDF), Microsoft Office format, Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), Join Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) and etc. Moreover, the file import system module 212 may include an image file processor module with an optical character recognition (OCR) engine 218. The OCR engine 218 may be an ABBYY fine reader engine or a standard iFilter OCR engine. It is to be noted that other types of OCR engine or any combinations of OCR engine may be implemented. Furthermore, the file import system module 212 detects the language of the contractual document and how many words exist within. In one aspect, the OCR engine 218 of the file import system module 212 determines a quality of the OCR performed for each character or each word, and generates a quality score indicating a quality of the OCR performed for each character or each word.

The correction module 213 in the input processor 110 receives the data imported from the file import system module 212. The correction module 213 also is configured to apply typographical corrections or OCR corrections.

In an exemplary embodiment, the format standardization module 214 tailors the format of the data imported from the file import system module 212 for further processing. The format standardization module 214 applies filters to extract textual information. In addition, the input processor 110 may remove passwords to access a protected contractual document only when the owners of the documents agree to remove such passwords. Furthermore, the format standardization module 214 includes a file protection function that creates copies of potential contractual documents identified. These identified contractual documents are stored in the discovery database 160 with security access attributes.

Next, FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the discovery engine 120 that structurally analyzes an input data from the input processor 110 and generates the predefined policy. The predefined policy includes, but not limited to, predefined rules, predefined features, and predefined clause examples.

The discovery engine 120 also applies the predefined policy into the search engine (not shown) and prepares initial search results along with the predefined policy and metadata in a format that allows the end user to view. As shown in FIG. 3, the discovery engine 120 includes a pre-normalization module 321, a language detection module 322, a processing queue module 323, a structuration function module 324, a rules processing module 325, a post processing and reduction module 326, and a high level processing module 327.

The pre-normalization module 321 receives the imported data in the standardized format obtained from the input processor 110, and converts the imported data into the standard XML or HyperText Markup Language (HTML) document. Also, the language detection module 322 can identify the language used in the XML or HTML converted document (e.g., English, German, and etc.), and place the document in the processing queue module 323.

Once the XML or HTML converted document is out of the processing queue module 323, the structuration function module 324 structurally analyzes the XML or HTML converted document into a plurality of hierarchical levels. In FIG. 4, illustrated is a representation of data stored as discreet database documents: a sentence level 401, a paragraph level 402, a section level 403, and a document level 404. Analyzing the documents or data in the structure mentioned above allows locating of terminologies and clauses used in the contractual documents.

Referring back to FIG. 3, following the structuration function module 324 is the rules processing module 325. In this stage, the discovery engine 120 applies the predefined rules to generate the predefined features. The predefined rules determine the logic or sequence of words, sentences, phrases, NLP (natural language processing) features, or terminologies. In addition, the rules processing module 325 generates the predefined features from the predefined rules for the end user to customize in the analysis engine 130. The predefined features can be a key reference or a descriptive verb that can describe the document and the information held within. For instance, the predefined features can be a start date, a termination date, a contract type, and etc.

In addition, the post processing and reduction module 326 reduces and normalizes the predefined features from the rules processing module 325. It is to be noted that in addition to sentence and paragraph boundaries, the discovery engine 120 can identify contractual section boundaries such as termination, limitation of liability, indemnity sections of a contract, and etc. Moreover, the post processing and reduction module 326 prepares the predefined features for the end user to customize in the analysis engine 130.

Normalization in the post processing and reduction module 326 reduces the common notations into a standard format. For instance, the same date can be expressed in multiple ways (e.g. Oct. 23rd 1992, October 23, 1992, 10/23/1992, 23/10/1992, 1992/10/23 and etc.), and the normalization can convert various formats into standard ISO format. Normalizing to the standard format can eliminate confusions and improve processing speed. Most importantly, by consolidating into same notations, the discovery engine 120 can reduce any duplicate terms in different formats.

After the feature creation and normalization, the high level processing module 327 creates metadata and stores them in the discovery database 160. Additionally, the search engine communicatively coupled to the discovery database 160 obtains initial search results to determine the eligibility for analytics processing. Moreover, the high level processing module 327 prepares the predefined policy as well as the initial search results in a format that the end user can view. Furthermore, either one or both of an internal search engine and an external search engine may perform a search function.

Referring now to FIG. 5, illustrated is one embodiment of the analysis engine 130, which identifies standard exact clauses, standard clauses, and non-standard clauses. As illustrated, the analysis engine 130 includes an analysis engine queue module 531, a variable detection module 570, a custom feature generation module 532, a document parsing module 533, a policy definition module 534, a standard clause detection module 535, a standard exact clause detection module 536, a non-standard clause detection module 537, and an update discovery database module 538.

The discovery engine 120 transfers a data set including the predefined policy, search indexes, and the initial search results to the analysis engine queue module 531. Following the analysis engine queue module 531, the custom feature generation module 532 allows the end user to customize the predefined features obtained from the discovery engine 120 and to define primary features.

The variable detection module 570 receives search indexes or the initial search results and provides available variations of clauses to the custom feature generation module 532. The variable detection module 570 may receive the search indexes or the initial search results from the discovery engine 120 directly or from the analysis engine queue module 531. The variable detection module 570 may detect allowable variations of clauses according to examples stored in the discovery engine 120 and provide the detected allowable variations of clauses with associated variables to the custom feature generation module 532.

The custom feature generation module 532 receives the predefined features from the analysis engine queue module 531 to define primary features to be used in semantic language evaluation. The custom feature generation module 532 may also receive detected allowable variations from the variable detection module 570 to define the primary features. In one approach, the custom feature generation module 532 presents to a user a list of clauses or features within a template. The user may select which clauses are to be considered as standard clauses. In addition, the user may select which clauses or words in the standard clauses can be varied. In one approach, the user may assign a variable to each set of selected clauses or words allowed to be varied. Alternatively, the custom feature generation module 532 may assign a variable to a set of clauses or words allowed to be changed. The custom feature generation module 532 provides the primary features comprising selected clauses examples and variables associated with allowable variations to a document parsing module 533.

Following is an example passage of a document with clause examples replaced with associated variables.

Example 1

-   -   “absText”: “WatchtowerNumber. Code of Conduct.     -   WatchtowerPartyDescriptors acknowledges the terms of         WatchtowerLocation WatchtowerPartyDescriptors Code of Business         Conduct\nand Ethics WatchtowerPartySubjectVerb         WatchtowerPartyDescriptors (i) that ail of         WatchtowerPartyDescriptors dealings with         WatchtowerPartyDescriptors WatchtowerLocation, whether pursuant         to\nthis Agreement or otherwise, shall be in general alignment         with the requirements of the Code, and (ii)\nnot to induce or         otherwise cause any WatchtowerPartyDescriptors         WatchtowerLocation associate to violate the Code, with Code         Number WatchtowerNumber. Should this be violated, the         WatchtowerContractingParties agree to pay WatchtowerSealMoney         within WatchtowerDuration.\n”, “offsetStart”: 12704,         “offsetEnd”: 13085.

In the example passage above, various clauses are replaced with corresponding variables. Specifically, variations of a contract number, a party involved in the contract, another party involved in the contract, a specific location, a specific act, amount and duration can be replaced with a variable “WatchtowerNumber,” “WatchtowerPartyDescriptors,” “WatchtowerContractingParties,” “WatchtowerLocation,” “WatchtowerPartySubjectVerb,” “WatchtowerSealMoney,” and “WatchtowerDuration” respectively.

With the user defined primary features, the document parsing module 533 replaces the actual text, phrases or clauses with the primary features. In one embodiment, the document parsing module 533 replaces words or clauses with allowed variations with corresponding variables. The semantic language evaluator 140 formed with the primary features replaced data set, ensures the accuracy and quality of the data. That is, the semantic language evaluator 140 accounts for minor anomalies within the clauses, allowing the analysis engine 130 to locate and group clauses based on the core semantics. The document parsing module 533 transfers clause examples to the semantic language evaluator 140, and the semantic language evaluator assesses the similarity to each of the examples. In one exemplary embodiment, the semantic language evaluator 140 may be a Latent Symantec Index (LSI) module, which may provide a cosine vector score based on the similarity and classify clauses accordingly. For instance, a cosine vector score of 1 indicates a high degree of similarity, when 0 indicates a low degree of similarity.

The policy definition module 534 allows the end user to define the primary policy that includes primary rules, primary features or clause examples (herein also referred to as “primary clause examples”) and a first threshold. In one exemplary embodiment, a recommended value for the first threshold is ‘95’ or between ‘90’ and ‘99,’ when the semantic language evaluator is the LSI module.

The standard clause detection module 535 obtains standard clauses based on the primary policy. In one implementation, the standard clause detection module 535 applies the primary policy with the first threshold to the semantic language evaluator 140 to obtain the standard clauses. The primary policy with the first threshold allows the analysis engine 130 to locate clauses that are almost identical to the primary clause examples. The standard clause detection module 535 may provide a standard feature data set comprising the standard clauses to the custom feature generation module 532. The custom feature generation module 532 may modify clause examples based on the standard clauses or present the standard clauses detected to a user to allow a list of clause examples or allowable variations of clauses to be re-selected. The standard clause detection module 535 may also store the standard feature data set in the discovery database 160.

The standard exact clause detection module 536 obtains the standard exact feature data set comprising standard exact clauses based on the clause examples. In one embodiment, the standard exact clause detection module 536 replaces words or clauses allowed to be changed with corresponding variables instead of the document parsing module 533. The standard exact clause detection module 536 compares each word and an order of words from a document with each word and an order of words from clause examples to obtain standard exact clauses exactly matching the clause examples. The textual matching is performed word by word, and in this example a word can be seen as a token. A token can be made from any contiguous textual items, numbers, text, symbols. Each token is compared against the clause examples provided within the primary policy, in the exact word order it is within the clause, with the system rejecting an item as soon as the first Token is found to not match. In one implementation, the LSI module may not consider an order of the words, thus the standard exact clause detection module 536 obtains N-Gram of different words or tokens to compare an order of words. By replacing words or clauses allowed to be changed with their corresponding variables, the standard exact clause detection module 536 can reduce a number of comparisons performed to identify standard exact clauses while taking into account for each variation of clause examples.

In one embodiment, the standard exact clause detection module 536 also identifies a candidate standard exact clause including an obscure word (or a character of the word) with poor optical character recognition based on the quality score provided from the OCR engine 218. Responsive to determining the quality of the OCR performed on the obscure word is poor (e.g., the quality score of the obscure word is below a quality threshold value), the standard exact clause detection module 536 determines whether qualities of the OCR performed on a preceding word and a succeeding word of the obscure word are acceptable. If the qualities of the OCR performed on the preceding word and the succeeding word are acceptable, the standard exact clause detection module 536 determines whether any of the clause examples and the variables include the preceding word, a candidate word, and the succeeding word in that sequence. If a clause example including the preceding word, the candidate word, and the succeeding word in that sequence is found, a clause including the preceding word, the obscure word, and the succeeding word is determined to be a candidate standard exact clause. The standard exact clause detection module 536 may add the candidate standard exact clause to the standard exact feature data set.

The standard exact clause detection module 536 may provide the standard exact feature data set to the custom feature generation module 532. The custom feature generation module 532 may modify clause examples based on the standard exact clauses or candidate standard exact clauses. The custom feature generation module 532 may also present the standard exact clauses (or candidate standard exact clauses) detected to a user to allow a list of clause examples or allowable variations of clauses to be re-selected. The standard exact clause detection module 536 may also store the standard exact feature data set in the discovery database 160.

The non-standard clause detection module 537 may create a secondary policy, which is a copy of the primary policy that does not contain any rules, but includes a second threshold lower than the first threshold. In one exemplary embodiment, a recommended value for the second threshold is ‘60’ or between ‘50’ and ‘70, when the semantic language evaluator 140 is the LSI module. In addition, the non-standard clause detection module 537 extracts a mirror feature data set with the secondary policy. The secondary policy allows the analysis engine 130 to locate all clauses that are semantically similar to the primary search examples. It is to be noted that, not only the mirror feature data set contains more data, but also contains exact match from the standard feature data set. That is, the mirror feature data set encompasses the standard feature data set, where the standard feature data set encompasses the standard exact feature data set.

In one embodiment, the non-standard clause detection module 537 subtracts the standard exact feature data set from the mirror feature data set to obtain the non-standard clauses. In this embodiment, standard clauses that are not standard exact clauses would be identified as non-standard clauses.

In another embodiment, the non-standard clause detection module 537 subtracts the standard feature data set from the mirror feature data set to obtain the non-standard clauses. In this embodiment, the non-standard clause detection module 537 may obtain the non-standard clauses after the standard clauses are obtained in the standard clause detection module 535 but before the standard exact clauses are obtained in the standard exact clause detection module 536. Alternatively, the non-standard clause detection module 537 can obtain the non-standard clauses after the standard exact clauses are obtained in the standard exact clause detection module 536.

Once the analysis engine 130 obtains the standard clauses, standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses, the update discovery database module 538 may update the discovery database 160 with the standard clauses, standard exact clauses and the non-standard clauses obtained.

Standard Exact Clause and Non-Standard Clause Detection Process

FIG. 6 illustrates a process of obtaining standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses. The process may be performed by the variable detection module 570, policy definition module 534, standard clause detection module 535, standard exact clause detection module, 536, non-standard clause detection module 537 of the analysis engine 130. In other embodiments, the steps of FIG. 6 may be performed by different or additional components. Other embodiments can perform the steps of FIG. 6 in different orders. Moreover, other embodiments can include different and/or additional steps than the ones described here.

The variable detection module 570 receives an input document 610. The variable detection module 570 obtains 620 allowable variations of standard clauses and a corresponding variable for the variations. The policy definition module 534 obtains 630 the primary policy including the primary rules, the primary features, the primary clause examples and the first threshold for determining similarities. The policy definition module 534 obtains 640 the secondary policy which is a copy of the primary policy that does not contain any rules but includes a second threshold lower than the first threshold. In one embodiment, the primary policy, the secondary policy and the allowable variations of standard clauses may be obtained in different orders.

The standard clause detection module 535 obtains 650 a standard feature data set comprising standard clauses based on primary policy from the input document. The standard exact clause detection module 536 generates 660 a mirror document by replacing allowable variations with corresponding variables, and obtains 670 a standard exact feature data set comprising standard exact clauses exactly matching the clause examples from the mirror document. Moreover, the non-standard clause detection module obtains 680 mirror feature data set comprising related clauses based on secondary policy from the input document. Furthermore, the non-standard clause detection module 537 obtains 690 a difference between the mirror feature data set and the standard exact feature data set to obtain non-standard clauses.

Policy Definition Process

FIG. 7 illustrates an example process of determining the policy. The primary policy provides guidance on how and where to look for contract specific terminologies. Again, the primary policy may include the primary rules, the primary features, the primary clause examples and the first threshold for determining similarities. Other embodiments can perform the steps of FIG. 7 in different orders. The steps of FIG. 7 may be performed by custom feature generation module 532, document parsing module 533, and policy definition module 534 of the analysis engine 130. In other embodiments, the steps of FIG. 7 may be performed by different or additional components (e.g., variable detection module 570). Moreover, other embodiments can include different and/or additional steps than the ones described here.

In this example, the discovery engine 120 provides a discovery search index to the analysis engine 130 to perform a clause example search 710, and presents the predefined clause examples to the end user. The end user may search for the primary clause examples in the clause selection 720, either under a section or a paragraph. If the end user decides to look for a clause under the section, the custom feature generation module 532 loads the feature replaced data in the section selection 721. In a find similar section 723, the document parsing module 533 requests the semantic language evaluator 140 to query if similar features exist already within the index. Likewise, if the end user decides to look for a clause under the paragraph, the custom feature generation module 532 loads the feature replaced data from the analysis database 150 in a paragraph selection 722. In a find similar paragraph 724, document parsing module 533 requests the semantic language evaluator 140 to query if similar features exist already within the index.

The policy definition module 534 enables the end user to select the primary clause examples from the search results in a clause example selection 730. Additionally, the end user may repeat the clause selection 720, and select new clauses.

Following the clause example selection 730, the policy definition module 534 enables the end user to select the primary rules to determine the logic or sequence of words, sentences, phrases, or terminologies to be searched in a rule selection 740, and to evaluate the selected rule in a sentence rule evaluated 750. In addition, the end user may repeat the clause selection 720 to select new clauses to be applied or repeat the rule selection 740 to modify selected rules or add additional rules. The policy definition module 534 updates the primary policy as well as the analysis database 150 in the nested policy definition 760.

In embodiment, the secondary policy may be generated based on the primary policy, or through the similar steps described above.

Data Storage Method

Referring back to FIG. 4, illustrated is a representation of data stored as discreet database documents. To enable the detection of the standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses, each data set associated with a clause that may contain a unique identification number or following indexes: a sentence level 401, a paragraph level 402, a section level 403, and a document level 404. In addition to the identification number, each data set may include actual text or features replaced for the clause, and the position of the clause.

During the process of defining policies and determining the non-standard and standard exact clauses, the discovery engine 120 and the analysis engine 130 communicates frequently with the discovery database 160 and the analysis database 150 for core processing repository and metadata storage location. In one exemplary embodiment, both databases contain information related to policies and the analysis database 150 may reside in the same hardware with the discovery database 160. However, the data structures in the analysis database 150 provide for two differing data sets for each sentence, paragraph, and section: one for exact text and another for features. Therefore, the storage requirement of the analysis database 150 may be demanding, but the analysis engine 130 can achieve advanced functionality including feature replacements. To reduce the extra storage requirement, the analysis database 150 may use a pointer, instead of creating copies of the entire data set.

Computing Machine Architecture

Turning now to FIG. 8, it is a block diagram illustrating components of an example machine able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium and execute them in a processor (or controller). Specifically, FIG. 8 shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system 800 within which instructions 824 (e.g., software or program code) for causing the machine to perform (execute) any one or more of the methodologies described with FIGS. 1-7. That is, the methodologies illustrated and described through FIGS. 1-7 can be embodied as instructions 824 that are stored and executable by the computer system 800. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment.

The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions 824 (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute instructions 824 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 800 includes a processor 802 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs), or any combination of these), a main memory 804, and a static memory 806, which are configured to communicate with each other via a bus 808. The processing components are the processor 802 and memory 804. These components can be configured to operate the engines or modules with the instructions that correspond with the functionality of the respective engines or modules. The computer system 800 may further include graphics display unit 810 (e.g., a plasma display panel (PDP), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 800 may also include alphanumeric input device 812 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 814 (e.g., a mouse, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or other pointing instrument), a storage unit 816, a signal generation device 818 (e.g., a speaker), and a network interface device 820, which also are configured to communicate via the bus 808.

The storage unit 816 includes a machine-readable medium 822 on which is stored instructions 824 (e.g., software) embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The storage unit 816 may be implemented as volatile memory (static RAM (SRAM) or dynamic RAM (DRAM)) and/or non-volatile memory (read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, magnetic computer storage devices (e.g., hard disks, floppy discs and magnetic tape), optical discs and etc.). The instructions 824 (e.g., software) may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 804 or within the processor 802 (e.g., within a processor's cache memory) during execution thereof by the computer system 800, the main memory 804 and the processor 802 also constituting machine-readable media. The instructions 824 (e.g., software) may be transmitted or received over a network 826 via the network interface device 820.

While machine-readable medium 822 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to store instructions (e.g., instructions 824). The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing instructions (e.g., instructions 824) for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies disclosed herein. The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but not be limited to, data repositories in the form of solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.

Additional Configuration Considerations

It is noted that although the configurations as disclosed are in the context of contracts, the principles disclosed can apply to analysis of other documents that can include data corresponding to standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses. Advantages of the disclosed configurations include promptly identifying (i) exact clauses, (ii) semantically related terminologies and (iii) unusual variations of the semantically related terminologies in a large volume of documents. Moreover, while the examples herein are in the context of a contract document, the principles described herein can apply to other documents, for example web pages, having various clauses.

Throughout this specification, plural instances may implement components, operations, or structures described as a single instance. Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustrated and described as separate operations, one or more of the individual operations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that the operations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and functionality presented as separate components in example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matter herein.

Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a number of components, engines, modules, or mechanisms, for example, as illustrated in FIGS. 1-7. Modules may constitute either software modules (e.g., program code embodied as instructions 824 stored on a machine-readable medium e.g., memory 804 and/or storage unit 816, and executable by one or more processors (e.g., processor 802)) or hardware modules. A hardware module is tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors (generally, e.g., processor 802)) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware module that operates to perform certain operations as described herein.

In various embodiments, a hardware module may be implemented mechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware module may comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) to perform certain operations. A hardware module may also comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations.

The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors, e.g., processor 802, that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modules referred to herein may, in some example embodiments, comprise processor-implemented modules.

The one or more processors may also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines including processors), these operations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., application program interfaces (APIs).)

The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other example embodiments, the one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may be distributed across a number of geographic locations.

Some portions of this specification are presented in terms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on data stored as bits or binary digital signals within a machine memory (e.g., a computer memory 804). These algorithms or symbolic representations are examples of techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. As used herein, an “algorithm” is a self-consistent sequence of operations or similar processing leading to a desired result. In this context, algorithms and operations involve physical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically, but not necessarily, such quantities may take the form of electrical, magnetic, or optical signals capable of being stored, accessed, transferred, combined, compared, or otherwise manipulated by a machine. It is convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals using words such as “data,” “content,” “bits,” “values,” “elements,” “symbols,” “characters,” “terms,” “numbers,” “numerals,” or the like. These words, however, are merely convenient labels and are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, discussions herein using words such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “presenting,” “displaying,” or the like may refer to actions or processes of a machine (e.g., a computer) that manipulates or transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical) quantities within one or more memories (e.g., volatile memory, non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof), registers, or other machine components that receive, store, transmit, or display information.

As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. For example, some embodiments may be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciate still additional alternative structural and functional designs for a system and a process for detecting standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses through the disclosed principles herein. Thus, while particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes and variations, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope defined in the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing program code for determination of standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses from a plurality of documents, the program code comprising instructions that when executed by a processor cause the processor to: obtain a primary policy comprising one or more features, a clause example, and a first threshold for use in a semantic language evaluator to generate a plurality of feature replaced clauses by automatically replacing one or more of a plurality of original clauses in a plurality of documents with the one or more features and to compare each of the plurality of feature replaced clauses according to the primary policy to provide a first feature data set comprising standard clauses; replace, automatically, an available variation of one of the standard clauses in the plurality of documents with a variable; compare a clause and at least one of the clause example and the variable, the clause obtained from the plurality of documents with the available variation replaced with the variable; obtain, in response to the comparison, a standard exact clause comprising the clause matching at least one of the clause example and the variable; obtain a second feature data set encompassing the first feature data set, the second feature data set corresponding to a secondary policy, the secondary policy comprising the one or more features, the clause example, and a second threshold for use in the semantic language evaluator; obtain a difference data set comprised of a difference between the first feature data set and the second feature data set, the difference data set comprising a non-standard clause, the non-standard clause being semantically related to but not matching the clause example; and update, automatically in response to obtaining the difference data set, a database to identify the standard exact clause and the non-standard clause from the plurality of documents.
 2. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the standard exact clause and the at least one of the clause example and the variable comprise exact one or more words in a same order.
 3. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, further comprising instructions when executed by the processor cause the processor to: determine whether optical character recognition performed on a word is recognizable.
 4. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 3, further comprising instructions when executed by the processor cause the processor to: obtain, responsive to determining the optical character recognition performed on the word is not recognizable, a candidate clause in one of the plurality of documents with the available variation replaced with the variable, the candidate clause comprising a first word before the word and a second word after the word; and determine, responsive to at least one of the clause example and the variable comprising the first word, a third word and the second word in that sequence, the clause to be a candidate standard exact clause.
 5. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, further comprising instructions when executed by the processor cause the processor to: replace, automatically, available variations of one or more of the standard clauses in the plurality of documents with additional variables; and compare additional clauses and additional clause examples to obtain additional standard exact clauses, the additional clauses obtained from the plurality of documents with the available variations replaced with the additional variables, the additional standard exact clauses comprising the additional clauses matching respective ones of the additional clause examples and the additional variables.
 6. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing program code for determination of standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses from a plurality of documents, the program code comprising instructions that when executed by a processor cause the processor to: obtain a primary policy comprising one or more features, a clause example, and a first threshold for use in a semantic language evaluator to generate a plurality of feature replaced clauses by automatically replacing one or more of a plurality of original clauses in a document with the one or more features and to compare each of the plurality of feature replaced clauses according to the primary policy to provide a first feature data set comprising standard clauses; replace, automatically, an available variation of one of the standard clauses in the document with variable; compare a clause and at least one of the clause example and the variable, the clause obtained from the document with the available variation replaced with the variable; obtain, in response to the comparison, a standard exact clause comprising the clause matching at least one of the clause example and the variable; replace, automatically, available variations of one or more of the standard clauses in the document with additional variables; compare additional clauses and additional clause examples to obtain additional standard exact clauses, the additional clauses obtained from the document with the available variations replaced with the additional variables, the additional standard exact clauses comprising the additional clauses matching respective ones of the additional clause examples and the additional variables; obtain a secondary policy comprising the one or more features, the clause example, and a second threshold for use in the semantic language evaluator to compare each of the plurality of feature replaced clauses according to the secondary policy to provide a second feature data set encompassing the first feature data set; obtain a third feature data set comprising the standard exact clause and the additional standard exact clauses; obtain a difference data set comprised of a difference between the second feature data set and the third feature data set, the difference data set comprising non-standard clauses; and update, automatically, a database to identify the standard exact clause and the non standard clauses from the document.
 7. A computer implemented method for determination of standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses from a plurality of documents, the method comprising: obtaining a primary policy comprising one or more features, a clause example, and a first threshold for generating a plurality of feature replaced clauses by automatically replacing one or more of the original clauses in the plurality of documents with a feature of the one or more features; comparing each of the plurality of feature replaced clauses and a clause example using a semantic language evaluator to obtain a first feature data set comprising standard clauses; automatically replacing an available variation of one of the standard clauses in the plurality of documents with a variable; comparing a clause and at least one of the clause example and the variable, the clause obtained from the plurality of documents with the available variation replaced with the variable; obtaining, in response to the comparison, the standard exact clause comprising the clause matching at least one of the clause example and the variable; obtaining a second feature data set encompassing the first feature data set, the second feature data set corresponding to a secondary policy, the secondary policy comprising the one or more features, the clause example, and a second threshold for use in the semantic language evaluator; obtaining a difference data set comprised of a difference between the first feature data set and the second feature data set, the difference data set comprising a non-standard clause, the non-standard clause being semantically related to but not matching the clause example; and updating, automatically in response to obtaining the difference data set, a database to identify the standard exact clause and the non-standard clause from the plurality of documents.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the standard exact clause and the at least one of the clause example and the variable comprise exact one or more words in a same order.
 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining whether optical character recognition performed on a word is recognizable.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: obtaining, responsive to determining the optical character recognition performed on the word is not recognizable, a candidate clause in one of the plurality of documents with the available variation replaced with the variable, the candidate clause comprising a first word before the word and a second word after the word; and determining, responsive to at least one of the clause examples and the variable comprising the first word, a third word and the second word in that sequence, the clause to be a candidate standard exact clause.
 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: automatically replacing available variations of one or more of the standard clauses in the plurality of documents with additional variables; and comparing additional clauses and additional clause examples to obtain additional standard exact clauses, the additional clauses obtained from the plurality of documents with the available variation replaced with the additional variables, the additional standard exact clauses comprising the additional clauses matching respective ones of the additional clause examples and the additional variables.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: obtaining the secondary policy comprising the one or more features, the clause example, and the second threshold for use in the semantic language evaluator to compare each of the plurality of feature replaced clauses according to the secondary policy to provide the second feature data set encompassing the first feature data set; obtaining a third feature data set comprising the standard exact clause and the additional standard exact clauses; and updating the difference data set comprised of a difference between the second feature data set and the third feature data set, difference data set comprising a second non-standard clause.
 13. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing program code for determination of standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses from a plurality of documents, the program code comprising instructions that when executed by a processor cause the processor to: obtain a primary policy comprising one or more features, a clause example, and a first threshold to generate a plurality of feature replaced clauses by automatically replacing one or more original clauses in a plurality of documents with a feature of the one or more features; compare each of the plurality of feature replaced clauses and a clause example using a semantic language evaluator to obtain a first feature data set comprising standard clauses; automatically replace an available variation of one of the standard clauses in the plurality of documents with a variable; compare a clause and at least one of the clause example and the variable, the clause obtained from the plurality of documents with the available variation replaced with the variable; obtain, in response to the comparison, a standard exact clause comprising the clause matching at least one of the clause example and the variable; obtain a second feature data set encompassing the first feature data set, the second feature data set corresponding to a secondary policy, the secondary policy comprising the one or more features, the clause example, and a second threshold for use in the semantic language evaluator; obtain a difference data set comprised of a difference between the first feature data set and the second feature data set, the difference data set comprising a non-standard clause, the non-standard clause being semantically related to but not matching the clause example; and update, automatically in response to obtaining the difference data set, a database to identify the standard exact clause and the non-standard clause from the plurality of documents.
 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the standard exact clause and the at least one of the clause example and the variable comprise exact one or more words in a same order.
 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, further comprising instructions when executed by the processor cause the processor to: determine whether optical character recognition performed on a word is recognizable.
 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, further comprising instructions when executed by the processor cause the processor to: obtain, responsive to determining the optical character recognition performed on the word is not recognizable, a candidate clause in one of the plurality of documents with the available variation replaced with the variable, the candidate clause comprising a first word before the word and a second word after the word; and determine, responsive to at least one of the clause example and the variable comprising the first word, a third word and the second word in that sequence, the clause to be a candidate standard exact clause.
 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, further comprising instructions when executed by the processor cause the processor to: automatically replace available variations of one or more of the standard clauses in the plurality of documents with additional variables; and compare additional clauses and additional clause examples to obtain additional standard exact clauses, the additional clauses obtained from the plurality of documents with the available variations replaced with the additional variables, the additional standard exact clauses comprising the additional clauses matching respective ones of the additional clause examples and the additional variables.
 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, further comprising instructions that when executed by the processor causes the processor to: obtain the secondary policy comprising the one or more features, the clause example, and the second threshold for use in the semantic language evaluator to compare each of the plurality of feature replaced clauses according to the secondary policy to provide the second feature data set encompassing the first feature data set; obtain a third feature data set comprising the standard exact clause and the additional standard exact clauses; and update the difference data set comprised of a difference between the second feature data set and the third feature data set, difference data set comprising a second non-standard clause.
 19. A system for determination of standard exact clauses and non-standard clauses from the plurality of documents, the system comprising: a document parsing module configured to obtain a primary policy comprising one or more features, a clause example, and a first threshold to generate a plurality of feature replaced clauses by replacing one or more original clauses in the plurality of documents with the one or more features and to replace an available variation of one of standard clauses in the plurality of documents with a variable; a standard clause detection module configured to compare each of the plurality of feature replaced clauses and a clause example using a semantic language evaluator to obtain a first feature data set comprising the standard clauses; a standard exact clause matching module configured to (i) compare a clause and at least one of the clause example and the variable, the clause obtained from the plurality of documents with the available variation replaced with the variable, and (ii) obtain, in response to the comparison, the standard exact clause comprising the clause matching at least one of the clause example and the variable; a non-standard exact clause matching module configured to (i) obtain a second feature data set encompassing the first feature data set, the second feature data set corresponding to a secondary policy, the secondary policy comprising the one or more features, the clause example, and a second threshold for use in the semantic language evaluator, and (ii) obtain a difference data set comprised of a difference between the first feature data set and the second feature data set, the difference data set comprising a non-standard clause, the non-standard clause being semantically related to but not matching the clause example; and a database update module configured to update, automatically in response to obtaining the difference data set, a database to identify the standard exact clause and the non-standard clause from the plurality of documents.
 20. The system of claim 19, further comprising: an optical character recognition engine to obtain the plurality of original clauses from the plurality of documents.
 21. The system of claim 20, further comprising: an input quality analysis module configured to determine whether optical character recognition performed on a word is recognizable. 